#Replication File for "Indirect Colonial Rule and the Salience of Ethnicity", Lachlan McNamee

cd ".../ReplicationFiles"

#Table 1

use ".../ReplicationFiles/Cross-National_Analysis.dta"

areg idrank indirect_rule year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using MainCCEthnicFE, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(indirect_rule year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank indirect_rule i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef language year landlocked, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using MainCCEthnicFE, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule year britain ln_rgdpl_2000 landlocked ef language i.education age female wofood) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national indirect_rule year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using MainCCEthnicFE, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national indirect_rule i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 landlocked ef language year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using MainCCEthnicFE, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule year britain ln_rgdpl_2000 landlocked ef language i.education age female wofood) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)


#Table 2

use "...ReplicationFiles/Namibian_Analysis.dta"

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibia, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibia, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)   alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibia, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibia, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)   alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

Table 3

preserve

keep if Zone50kmRL == 1

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibia50, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibia50, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)   alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibia50, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibia50, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)   alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

restore

#Table 4

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year i.education age regionelf regionwhite gender wofood, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiacontrol, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule year i.education age regionelf regionwhite gender wofood) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year i.education age regionelf regionwhite gender wofood, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiacontrol, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule year i.education age regionelf regionwhite gender wofood) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year i.education age regionelf regionwhite gender wofood, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiacontrol, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule year i.education age regionelf regionwhite gender wofood) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year i.education age regionelf regionwhite gender wofood, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiacontrol, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule year i.education age regionelf regionwhite gender wofood) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)


#Table 5

reg contact_tl i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg contact_tl i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg TAland i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year , vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg  TAland i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year , vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)


#Table 6

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year contact_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism2, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule contact_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year contact_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism2, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule contact_tl) label nocons n$onotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year contact_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism2, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule contact_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year contact_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism2, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule contact_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

#Table 7

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year TAland, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism3, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule TAland) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year  TAland, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism3, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule TAland) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year  TAland, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism3, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule TAland) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year TAland, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanism3, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule TAland) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)



#Supplementary Appendix Table 1

use "...ReplicationFiles/Cross-National_Analysis.dta"
					
areg idrank c.indirect_rule##c.year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)
					
outreg2 using MainCCEthnicFEOverTime, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(c.indirect_rule##c.year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)
					
areg idrank c.indirect_rule##c.year i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef language landlocked year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using MainCCEthnicFEOverTime, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(c.indirect_rule##c.year britain ln_rgdpl_2000 landlocked ef language i.education age female wofood) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national c.indirect_rule##c.year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)
			
outreg2 using MainCCEthnicFEOverTime, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(c.indirect_rule##c.year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)
	
areg national c.indirect_rule##c.year i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef language landlocked year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)
				
outreg2 using MainCCEthnicFEOverTime, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(c.indirect_rule##c.year britain ln_rgdpl_2000 landlocked ef language i.education age female wofood) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)				
				
				

#Supplementary Appendix Table 2

preserve

keep if britain == 1

areg idrank indirect_rule year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using BritainCCEthnicFE, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(indirect_rule year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank indirect_rule i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 landlocked ef language year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using BritainCCEthnicFE, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule year britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef language i.education age female wofood landlocked) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national indirect_rule year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using BritainCCEthnicFE, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national indirect_rule i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using BritainCCEthnicFE, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule year britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef language i.education age female wofood landlocked) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

restore

#Supplementary Appendix Table 3

use ".../ReplicationFiles/Robinson2014_Nationalism.dta"

xtmixed national indirect_rule || country: || q79: , variance 

xtmixed national gender formemp edu indurb lethsize part30 preg lngdp05 ethfrac colbrit anticolwar indirect_rule || country: || q79: , variance 

xtmixed idrank indirect_rule || country: || q79: , variance 

xtmixed idrank gender formemp edu indurb lethsize part30 preg lngdp05 ethfrac colbrit anticolwar indirect_rule || country: || q79: , variance 



#Supplementary Appendix Table 4

use ".../ReplicationFiles/Cross-National_Analysis.dta"
					 
areg idrank statehist_pre1750 year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCEthnicFEMeasuresIndirectRule, tex(frag pretty) replace keep(statehist_pre1750 year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)
			 
areg idrank statehist_pre1750 i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCEthnicFEMeasuresIndirectRule, tex(frag pretty) append keep(statehist_pre1750 i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank eur_descent year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCEthnicFEMeasuresIndirectRule, tex(frag pretty) append keep(eur_descent year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank eur_descent i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCEthnicFEMeasuresIndirectRule, tex(frag pretty) append keep(eur_descent i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank eurfrac year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCEthnicFEMeasuresIndirectRule, tex(frag pretty) append keep(eurfrac year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank eurfrac i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCEthnicFEMeasuresIndirectRule, tex(frag pretty) append keep(eurfrac i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank col_duration2 year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCEthnicFEMeasuresIndirectRule, tex(frag pretty) append keep(col_duration2 year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank col_duration2 i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCEthnicFEMeasuresIndirectRule, tex(frag pretty) append keep(col_duration2 i.education age female wofood britain ln_rgdpl_2000 ef landlocked language year) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)


#Supplementary Appendix Table 5

use ".../ReplicationFiles/Namibian_Analysis.dta"

ologit identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaLogit, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

ologit identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaLogit, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)   alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

logit identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaLogit, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

logit identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaLogit, tex(frag pretty)  append keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)   alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)


#Supplementary Appendix Table 6

reg listen_tl i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg listen_tl i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg trust_tl i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year , vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg  trust_tl i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year , vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

#Supplementary Appendix Table 7

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year listen_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust1, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(Indirect_Rule listen_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year listen_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust1, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule listen_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year listen_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust1, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule listen_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year listen_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust1, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule listen_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)


#Supplementary Appendix Table 8

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year trust_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust2, tex(frag pretty) replace keep(Indirect_Rule trust_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year trust_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust2, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule trust_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule year trust_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust2, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule trust_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)

reg identity_Namibian_binary i.ethnic Indirect_Rule X Y RedlineDist year trust_tl, vce(cluster EANUMBER)

outreg2 using MainNamibiaMechanismRobust2, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(Indirect_Rule trust_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Geographic controls, $\checkmark$)  symbol(***,**, *)


#Supplementary Appendix Table 9

use ".../ReplicationFiles/Cross-National_Analysis.dta"

areg idrank indirect_rule year contact_tl , absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCMechanism, tex(frag pretty) replace  keep(indirect_rule contact_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank indirect_rule customary_land year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule customary_land) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank indirect_rule tl_trust year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule tl_trust) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg idrank indirect_rule tl_listen year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule tl_listen) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national indirect_rule contact_tl year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule contact_tl) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national indirect_rule customary_land year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule customary_land) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national indirect_rule tl_trust year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule tl_trust) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)

areg national indirect_rule tl_listen year, absorb(ethniccode) vce(cluster country)

outreg2 using CCMechanism, tex(frag pretty) append  keep(indirect_rule tl_listen) label nocons nonotes  bdec(2)  alpha(0.01, 0.05, 0.1)  addtext(Ethnicity FE, $\checkmark$, Controls, X)  symbol(***,**, *)



				
